AN ASSESSMENT OF RELIGIOUS CRISES IN NIGERIA-THE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF OJO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)
ABSTRACT
This study examined an assessment of religious crises in Nigeria-The causes, effects and solutions (a case study of Ojo local government Area of Lagos state). The research work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the background to the study. The review of the related literature was carried out in chapter two. It shows the historical development of religious crises in Nigeria. A set of questionnaire on the causes and effects of religious crises in Nigeria was designed and administered to two religious leaders of both Muslims and Christians in different churches and mosques in Ojo local government. The data was collected and therefore analyzed. Findings show that religious crisis impedes immensely the economical development of the nation. Nigeria and religious leaders have a great role to play in the solution of religious crisis and development of economy of Nigeria as a nation. Furthermore, recommendations were made to enable more research to be carried out on how to promote peace and unity among religions in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv-vii
Abstract viii
Table of content ix
Chapter I:
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the study 2
1.2 Statement of the problem 4
1.3 Purpose of the study 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Research Hypothesis 7
1.6 Significance of the study 8
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study 8
Chapter II: Review of Literature
2.0 Introduction 10
2.1 Concept of Religion 11
2.2 Types of Religion 19
2.3 Political Function of Religion 35
2.4 The Effect of Religious Crisis on the Nation 57
2.5 Economic effect of religious crisis on the Nation60
2.6 The possible Solutions to Religious Crisis 64
in Nigeria
Chapter III: Methodology
3.1 Research Design 73
3.2 Population of the study 73
3.3 Sample and Sampling Procedure 73
3.4 Research Instrument and Instrumentation 74
3.5 Validation of Instrument 75
3.6 Procedure for Data Administration 75
3.7 Method and Data Analysis 75
Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Presentation of Result
4.0 Introduction 76
4.1 Personal Data 76
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary 89
5.2 Conclusion 90
5.3 Recommendations 91
References 95
Appendix (Sample Questionnaire) 98
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction:
Human history is the history of crisis of values expressed in various inter and intra religions, ethnic, regional or class conflicts and contradictions. This ideal was aptly expressed by Marx and Engels (2001) when they argued that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle crises therefore is synonymous with initialization and aggregation of human interest. This implies that crises (religious, ethnic or class) is impossible unless there exist incompatibility between different values, desires or needs of people that co-exist
According to Igwe (2003) and Okoli (2001), while class crises exist between social classes inter-state crises exist between ethnic group, religious conflict exists within and without class, ethnic groups and nation states. These scholars opined that religion exists at the level of super structure, expressed as an ideology. However ideologies and value remains the end of cold war.
Although inter religions crises dates back to constant up heaves between Judaism and Christianity in 16th century A.D, it become more prominent with the ascendance of Christianity as a state religion in Rome during the reign of emperor Constantine in 306-336AD. Kegal et al (1991).The ultimate expression of which was 30mounth war that sought among other things to separate the secular and secular worlds.
1.1 Background to the study:
Nigeria is a pluralistic multi-ethnic and multi –religious society (Ishola 2004) there are several adherents of multifarious religion in Nigeria such as Christianity, Islam, African religions (African)and so on .
Religions crises on the other hand, has contributed to the backwardness in Nigeria socio-economic development when there is intolerance among these religion, there is every tendency to have crises in the country and these crises jeopardizes government policies in the country.
Islamic-Christianity crises known in Nigeria and elsewhere today may have originated from the military campaign by Christian to recapture the holy land where Jesus lived from the Muslim. The crusade claimed a lot of lives and properties of both groups (Mear and Schneidar 1985:247)
However, these religions crises are not peculiar to Nigeria as it also known in other religion like the middle east, and other part of African like Egypt, Sudan, Chad, and Tanzania (Waff 1993) mean while in Nigeria has reached the state that it could be referred to as war in various part of the country ranging from Kano revolt (1980) Bulunkutu Bizarre (1982) Kaduna crises (1982), Jimeta war (1984) Gombe revolt (1985), Kastina crises (1999), Sharia reactions in Aba, Onithsa and Owerri in (1999), Sharia crises in Zamfara Kaduna, Bauchi, Sokoto, etc in (1999) Jos crises in (2008) and Boko Haram in (2009). This instance is as few as there was no year without three to four instances of religion crises in Nigeria.
While previous studies have tried to use various theories to explain the logic of emergence religious crises in Nigeria ranging from frustration, aggression to elite, class and relative deprivation, this studies will therefore focus on the effect of religious crises on the nation, Nigeria.
1:2 Statement of the Problem
Religion crises in Nigeria are not without cost to the Nigeria people. The disintegration, dispersion, instability, loose of life and properties, discontinuity of economics, programmes and project are its aftermath. The consequences are unemployment, hunger, diseases, infrastructural decay, corruption, and how income per capital skill persuades the economic.
It has been equally discovered that this violence have continued to exist because they serve the political and economic interest of ethnic religious leaders in Nigeria who use the violence as bait for federal negotiations. This study will therefore seek to find the solutions to this prevailing problem.
1.3 Purpose of Study
This study is aimed at examine the causes, effect and solutions of religious crises on the nation Nigeria. Based on this purpose of this study can be summarize as follows:
- To investigate the causes of frequent inter and intra ethnic crises in Nigeria.
- To find out whether ethnicity is responsible for most religions in tolerance among various ethnic groups in Nigeria.
- To find out the instrument responsible for the religious crises in Nigeria.
- To find out government involvement to stop the prevailing religious crises in Nigeria.
- To proffer solution to the identified problems.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study, the following research questions will be examined:
- Could religious chauvinism (an aggressive and unreasonable belief that one’s own country or religion is better than others) the responsible for frequent inter and intra communal clashes in Nigeria?
- Those ethnicity have any significant influence on most religious in tolerance among ethnic groups in Nigeria?
- Could religious crises have any significant effect on the economic development of Nigeria?
- Could there be any solution to religious crises in Nigeria?
- Could the role of government in curbing religious crises have any effect on the people?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses are form to guide the study:
- There would be no significant relationship between religious intolerance and religious crises.
- There would be no significant relationship between chauvinism and the frequent intra and inter communal clashes in Nigeria.
- There would be no significant relationship between religious crises and economic development in Nigeria.
- There would be no significant relationship between ethnicity and religious crises.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The result of this study would be of immense benefit to educators, teachers, students, school, community member and the government.
It is hoped that finding of this study will help to expand current knowledge in the area of study. Also, this study will help to find solution to problem of religious crises in Nigeria in order to maintain peace and save lives and properties of the people.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
Since the study intends to find out the causes effects and solutions of religious crises on the nation. It will cover only the religious leader (clergy) in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State.
The study will also make use of the religious leader of religion in Nigeria and religious civic servants.
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